Archive for the ‘Spasmolytic Agents’ category

Seizure Medication

December 31st, 2010
Medical Info asked:




Seizures

Seizure is physical symptoms that result in abnormal behavior or body activity due to abnormal brain activity or nerve conduction. Seizures come suddenly and do not last longer than 5-15 minutes. Some seizures are evident however other  may go unnoticed. Seizures cause temporary change in sense, behavior or body responses.

Symptoms

Symptoms of seizure do not last more than 15 minutes and most of the time may go unnoticed. Some of the prominent symptoms are momentary loss of memory for some time period, unaccounted for emotions like fear, laughter, etc., flashing lights, migraine, hallucinations, loss of body control, sudden falling or fainting of small time interval, tightening of muscles , twisting of head, arms, legs or other parts of the body, shivering and shaking body.

Causes

Seizures may happen due to ongoing diseases like fever, epilepsy, Alzheimer disease, Parkinson’s disease etc. It may also happen due to intake of narcotics or drugs, withdrawal of drugs, abnormal sodium or glucose level in blood. Abnormal excitation of brain tissues or head injury may also result in seizures. Seizures could also be caused due to genetic factors like inheritance and person may have received the disease from either or both of the parents. Brain tumor, brain lesions, internal bleeding in brain, stroke, ischemic attack, drug addiction or de addiction, dementia, congenital brain defects and renal failure are also known to cause some types of seizures. Use of drugs like cocaine, amphetamines or stopping drugs like barbiturates, morphine, gebapentin, sleeping pills etc may also cause seizures. Other reasons that may result in seizure may include brain abscess, meningitis, encephalitis, neurosyphilis, AIDS or phenylketonuria.

Treatment and Medication

It is very important to report the seizures however mild to the doctor as the symptoms may aggravate and it may take a life threatening turns. Some blood tests can accurately determine the kind or medication or treatment required to treat the disease. Other test like CT scan, MRI, Elector encephalogram or lumbar puncture can also be helpful in diagnosis. Make sure you let the doctor know the time, duration, activity type, symptoms and probable causes to seizures along with the tests as that would greatly help in capturing the triggers of seizures. Make sure you do not rely on over the counter medicines to treat symptoms like these, always consult a doctor and take only prescription based medicines as suggested by your doctor.

You doctor may use one or more of the drugs to treat the symptoms that may include Banzel, Carbamazepine, Carbatrol, Clobazam, Clonazepam, Depakene, Depakote, Depakote ER, Diastat, Dilantin, Ethosuximide, Felbatol, Felbamate, Frisium, Gabapentin, Gabitril, Inovelon, Keppra, Keppra XR, Klonopin, Lamictal, Lamotrigine, Levetiracetam, Luminal, Lyrica, Mysoline, Neurontin, Oxcarbazepine, Phenobarbital, Phenytek, Phenytoin, Primidone, Rufinamide, Sabril, Tegretol, Tegretol XR, Tiagabine, Topamax, Topiramate, Trileptal, Valproic Acid, Vimpat, Zarontin, Zonegran and Zonisamide

Prevention and Points to Remember

There are uncontrollable factors that may lead to seizure however most common factors can be averted.

Inculcate healthy life style, take care of your dietary habits and exercise regularly Treat medical conditions like stroke, hypertension, etc under apt medical supervision Avoid injury to head and wear helmets or seat belt while driving or whenever necessary Avoid reaction causing  drugs and over the counter medicine for health issues Stay away from drug addiction, excessive intake of alcohol and if you are planning to quit, do consult an expert People with seizure history should avoid climbing high places, driving, swimming etc. Take proper rest and sleep and don’t over work your body

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Chronic Pain Treatment In Elderly Patients

December 31st, 2010
Alexander Krakovsky asked:




Elderly patient is the one of the most difficult patient to treat because there are too many additional barriers such as impaired cognition, hearing and vision lost that pain management physician facing during office visit. In addition, many elderly patients do not want to be seen as complainers secondary to their cultural background. Typically, elderly patients have multiple comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic heart failure, and chronic renal failure. There are also many psychological comorbities and social problems such as depression, anxiety, ambulation, socialization and vitality as well.

Physician has to remember that in elderly population pain intensity and drugs pharmacokinetics usually diminished as the patient ages. Drug clearance and drug half-life is altering with renal excreted medications and hepatic metabolized medications. Sensitivity of the drugs to central nervous system is also shifting when the patient aged.

Chronic pain is tremendously affecting elderly people. It is changing their physical activities; they ability to perform activities of daily leaving; the work and their recreation activities. It is also increasing their psychological morbidity such as depression, anxiety, anger, and loss of self-esteem. Social and societal consequences transform accordingly affecting marital/family reactions; intimacy/sexual activities; increase social isolation; health care cost; disability and lost workdays.

Neuropathic pain treatment in elderly has several goals such as improving physical functioning; reducing psychological distress, and improves overall quality of life. The first-line pharmacological treatment recommendations for neuropathic pain in elderly would be Gabapentin, Lidocaine patch, Tramadol, Antidepressant and Opioid Analgesics. Second line treatment of chronic pain in elderly patients would be Spinal Cord Stimulator that will allow decreasing all oral medications including opioids. The overall effect would be dramatic changes of the quality of life with an improvement of the physical activities and decreasing all medications’ side affect. The third line of treatment of the chronic pain in elderly population would be an implantation of the intrathecal pump. Intrathecal pump will deliver very small dose of medications into spinal canal and this allows improving the efficacy of these medications and eliminating or decreasing general side effects.



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Diabetes Causes, Prevention and Treatment part 2

December 31st, 2010
john daniel asked:




For type 2 diabetes

Oral hypoglycemic drugs are one of their recommendations.  Diabetes Causes, Prevention and Treatment utilize all approach and treatment to prevent and cure this lifestyle disease. More recommended oral hypoglycemic drugs Such as tolbutamide, chlorpropamide, tolazamide, acetohexamide, glyburide, glipizide, glimepiride, repaglinide, or meglitonide may be prescribed to increase insulin production by the pancreas, if exercise and diet do not lower glucose levels sufficiently. Insulin injections may be necessary in more severe cases of type 2 diabetes or, or if a patient with type 2 diabetes contracts an additional illness. Other oral agents can reduce insulin resistance (metformin, pioglitazone, and rosiglitazone) or slow the absorption of sugars from the intestine (acarbose and miglitol). A low diet in fat and other calories, in addition to regular exercise, is necessary to control weight.

For both types of diabetes:

Diabetes Causes, Prevention and Treatment advice People with diabetes should drink generous amounts of water when stricken with another illness, such as the flu to replace lost fluid and prevent diabetic coma. When ill, people with type 1 diabetes should test their urine for ketones every four to six hours. Excellent control of blood glucose levels delays or prevents late complications affecting the eyes, kidneys, and nerves. Dialysis, an artificial blood filtering process, may be necessary to treat kidney failure. In advanced cases a kidney transplant may be advised. Amitriptyline, desipramine, or nortriptyline, medications usually used to treat depression, or the anti seizure medication gabapentin may be prescribed to relieve the pain in the limbs. Kidney damage can be slowed by controlling blood pressure and using ACE inhibitors. Blood test to measure glucose levels should be performed as your doctor recommends, one to four times a day. Your doctor will recommend a blood-monitoring device to use at home. Careful attention must be paid to the risk factors for atherosclerosis because of its increased occurrence with diabetes. Those suffering from diabetes should not smoke, should reduce dietary saturated fat, cholesterol, and salt, and should take any medications prescribed for high blood pressure or high cholesterol levels. People with diabetes should practice good foot care and check their feet every day. Nerve damage from diabetes mellitus reduces sensation in the feet, and small foot problems may turn into major infections. Laser photocoagulation to prevent the rupture of tiny blood vessels in the eye may help to prevent or treat diabetic retinopathy. Most patients with diabetes need an eye examination by an ophthalmologist at least once a year to detect the earliest manifestations of retinopathy. A well rounded approach and treatment to diabetes can be found in Diabetes Causes, Prevention and Treatment part 3 it discusses more about their recommended diet, supplement and nutrition.

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