Posts Tagged ‘Central Nervous System’

The cell bodies and dendrites of motor neurons are located in the?

May 31st, 2011
miss not so perfect asked:


A) motor units.
B) peripheral nervous system.
C) sympathetic nervous system.
D) central nervous system.
E) neuromuscular junction

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Chronic Pain Treatment In Elderly Patients

December 31st, 2010
Alexander Krakovsky asked:




Elderly patient is the one of the most difficult patient to treat because there are too many additional barriers such as impaired cognition, hearing and vision lost that pain management physician facing during office visit. In addition, many elderly patients do not want to be seen as complainers secondary to their cultural background. Typically, elderly patients have multiple comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic heart failure, and chronic renal failure. There are also many psychological comorbities and social problems such as depression, anxiety, ambulation, socialization and vitality as well.

Physician has to remember that in elderly population pain intensity and drugs pharmacokinetics usually diminished as the patient ages. Drug clearance and drug half-life is altering with renal excreted medications and hepatic metabolized medications. Sensitivity of the drugs to central nervous system is also shifting when the patient aged.

Chronic pain is tremendously affecting elderly people. It is changing their physical activities; they ability to perform activities of daily leaving; the work and their recreation activities. It is also increasing their psychological morbidity such as depression, anxiety, anger, and loss of self-esteem. Social and societal consequences transform accordingly affecting marital/family reactions; intimacy/sexual activities; increase social isolation; health care cost; disability and lost workdays.

Neuropathic pain treatment in elderly has several goals such as improving physical functioning; reducing psychological distress, and improves overall quality of life. The first-line pharmacological treatment recommendations for neuropathic pain in elderly would be Gabapentin, Lidocaine patch, Tramadol, Antidepressant and Opioid Analgesics. Second line treatment of chronic pain in elderly patients would be Spinal Cord Stimulator that will allow decreasing all oral medications including opioids. The overall effect would be dramatic changes of the quality of life with an improvement of the physical activities and decreasing all medications’ side affect. The third line of treatment of the chronic pain in elderly population would be an implantation of the intrathecal pump. Intrathecal pump will deliver very small dose of medications into spinal canal and this allows improving the efficacy of these medications and eliminating or decreasing general side effects.



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Crystal Meth Addiction Symptoms and Signs

December 10th, 2010
Crystal Smith asked:




Crystal Meth is simply methamphetamine, which is very popular among drug users. This is generally crystalline in structure, whose street names are “icy” and “cristy”. This is a very addictive type of drug. Statistics have shown that 42 percent of those who have tried it for the first time feel the need to try it once again. This drug affects the body mentally and physically.

Crystal Meth addiction is an issue that has been plaguing the modern world. It is known as the intense, almost maddening urge to consistently look for a substance at a prolonged period of time. It never ceases, and the need to acquire drug becomes uncontrollable that the person may not be bothered about the physical consequences that it can bring, such as severe sickness and even death.

One sign of Crystal Meth addiction is a patient’s firm belief that he is unable to fully function when he doesn’t take drugs. In the long run, the person takes more than what his body can take and damages his physical and mental conditions. The drug then becomes very addictive, and affects the central nervous system largely. In fact, Crystal Meth triggers physiological conditions faster than any other drug can.

The use of Crystal Meth will make a person distance himself from other people. This alienation will keep him emotionally remote, and thus result to the feeling of depression resulting to manic behavior and irritability. The effects of Crystal Meth generally send out a sense of despair and depression to the user.

Drug usage takes a heavy toll on the physical conditions of the body. These will soon show up and the drug addict will become pale, lose weight, and his appearance will become dull. A user may also start to lose interest on regular hygiene such as taking a bath or combing the hair.

Crystal Meth rehab centers have professionals who can create programs for individual needs. Steps should be taken to revive an addict who has fallen prey to drugs. Since it is almost impossible for the addict himself to treat his addictions, it is the role of Crystal Meth rehabs to correct his life and completely lead him away from this problem.

Most commonly, Crystal Meth addiction treatment programs starts with detoxification. The harmful drug substances that remain inside the body should be washed off, to keep the body from accumulating future diseases. This can be done in a Crystal Meth detox center. Different medicines are used during this process, depending on the severity of the body conditions.

It is never too late to come out of a drug addiction. Detoxification is followed by an aftercare treatment for Crystal Meth dependency, which can help a person renew his life by turning back from past addictions. This is usually done in a residential setting, to completely settle the withdrawal of the patient. This process is done to be able to maintain the abstinence of the patient from drugs. It is also during this process when a person is taught of the exercises and techniques to keep away from drug cravings whenever they occur.



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